Table of contents for Issue 1 in Coding & Programming The Complete Manual

BDM’s Complete Manual Series Keeping you coding through 2022, and beyond… Coding is everywhere. From your TV through to the International Space Station, you’ll find millions of lines of code controlling and delivering the services that we take for granted. Behind all this code are the programmers who develop our digital world, using a multitude of different languages to weave the fabric of the Internet, operating systems, games and modern entertainment. Within these pages, you’ll find the foundations and fundamentals for Python and C++, two of the most powerful languages in the world that are used by the likes of NASA, Microsoft, Apple and throughout the Internet. These languages are used in Big Data, Encryption, AI, gaming, science, engineering and advanced mathematics. From visualising black holes millions of light-years away…

Welcome, Future Coder A Brief History of Coding It’s easy to think that programming a machine to automate a process or calculate a value is a modern concept that’s only really happened in the last fifty years or so. However, that assumption is quite wrong, coding has actually been around for quite some time. 01000011 01101111 01100100 01100101 Essentially all forms of coding are made up of ones and zeros, on or off states. This works for a modern computer and even the oldest known computational device. ~87 BC It’s difficult to pinpoint an exact start of when humans began to ‘program’ a device. However, it’s widely accepted that the Antikythera Mechanism is possibly the first ‘coded’ artefact. It’s dated to about 87 BC and is an ancient Greek analogue…

Index Introducing C++ C++ is an amazing programming language. Most of what you see in front of you when you power up your computer, regardless of whether you’re using Windows, macOS or Linux, is created using C++. Being able to code in C++ will open a whole new world for you, in terms of desirable professional skills and the ability to code amazing apps and games. C++ is an efficient and powerful language that’s used to develop operating systems, applications, games and much more. It’s used in science, engineering, banking, education, the space industry, and much more.…

Equipment You Will Need Equipment You Will Need You don’t need to invest a huge amount of money in order to learn C++, and you don’t need an entire computing lab at your disposal either. Providing you have a fairly modern computer, everything else is freely available. C++ SETUPS As most, if not all, operating systems have C++ at their code, it stands to reason that you can learn to program in C++ no matter what OS you’re currently using. COMPUTER Unless you fancy writing out your C++ code by hand on a sheet of paper (which is something many older coders used to do), then a computer is an absolute must have component. PC users can have any recent Linux distro or Windows OS, Mac users the latest macOS.…

Introducing C++ How to Set Up C++ on a Mac To begin C++ coding on a Mac you can use Apple’s own developer platform: Xcode. This is a free, full featured IDE that’s designed to create native Apple apps. However, it’s also able to be used to create C++ code relatively easily. XCODE Apple’s Xcode is primarily designed for users to develop apps for macOS, iOS, tvOS and watchOS applications in Swift or Objective-C, but we can use it for C++ too. STEP 1 Start by opening the App Store on your Mac, Apple Menu > App Store. In the Search box enter Xcode, and press Return. There will be many suggestions filling the App Store window, but it’s first option, Xcode, that you need to click on. STEP 2…

Coding with C++ Coding with C++ This section contains the building block of C++, from learning how to compile and execute your first C++ code, through to developing user interaction. There’s a lot to learn with C++, but these tutorials, tips and tricks will lead you in the right direction. C++ is different to the other programming languages in this book, and it’s continually evolving as the applications that require it are forever improving. If you know C++, then you’re well on your way to becoming a much sought-after coder and a vital member of the coding community.…

Coding with C++ Using Comments While comments may seem like a minor element to the many lines of code that combine to make a game, application or even an entire operating system, in actual fact they’re probably one of the most important factors. THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMENTING Comments inside code are basically human readable descriptions that detail what the code is doing at that particular point. They don’t sound especially important but code without comments is one of the many frustrating areas of programming, regardless of whether you’re a professional or just starting out. In short, all code should be commented in such a manner as to effectively describe the purpose of a line, section, or individual elements. You should get in to the habit of commenting as much as…

Index Introducing Python Python is one of the most respected and used programming languages in the world. It’s designed to help beginners get into code, but also has some amazingly powerful features that are utilised by data scientists and engineers around the world. You don’t need to look too far to Python at work. It’s used throughout the Internet, and helps drive some of the biggest projects and companies in a multitude of industries. In this section, we will look at what you will need to get started with Python. First steps into a new learning experience are always the hardest, but we’re here to help.…

Introducing Python in Numbers PYTHON in NUMBERS There’s a lot to like about Python, but don’t just take our word for it. Here are some amazing facts and figures surrounding one of the most popular programming languages of recent years. Python creator Guido Van Rossum named Python after reading scripts from Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Alexa, Amazon’s Virtual Personal Assistant, uses Python to help with speech recognition. As of the end of 2018, Python was the most discussed language on the Internet. PYTHON AND LINUX SKILLS ARE THE THIRD MOST POPULAR I.T. SKILLS IN THE UK. Data analysis and Machine Learning are the two most used Python examples. Disney Pixar uses Python in its Renderman software to operate between other graphics packages. 16,000 There are over 16,000 Python jobs posted…

Introducing Python How to Set Up Python in Windows Windows users can easily install the Python programming language via the main Python Downloads page. While most seasoned Python developers may shun Windows as the platform of choice for building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners. INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X Microsoft Windows doesn’t come with Python pre-installed as standard, so you’re going to have to install it yourself manually. Thankfully, it’s an easy process to follow. STEP 1 Start by opening your web browser to www.python.org/downloads/. Look for the button detailing the Download link for Python 3.x. Python is regularly updated, changing the last digit for each bug fix and update. Therefore, don’t worry if you see Python 3.7.0, or more, as long as it’s Python 3, the…

Index Coding with Python It’s a long way from creating your fist Python code to controlling a robot on Mars, but it’s not impossible. Every advanced and professional Python coder started with the base fundamentals, tips and fixes mentioned in this section. With these foundation Python concepts, you will be able to advance your skills and branch out into whatever Python project you have in mind. From printing Hello World on the screen, looking into conditions and loops, asking a user for input and reacting to it, to using variables to control your code, this is where your Python skills are forged.…

Coding with Python Saving and Executing Your Code While working in the IDLE Shell is perfectly fine for snippets of code, it’s not designed for entering longer program listings. In this section, we’ll introduce you to the IDLE Editor, where most of our code will be entered from now on. EDITING CODE You will eventually reach a point where you have to move on from inputting single lines of code into the Shell. Instead, the IDLE Editor will allow you to save and execute your Python code. STEP 1 First, open the Python IDLE Shell. When it’s up, click on File > New File, this will open a new window with Untitled as its name. This is the Python IDLE Editor, and within it, you can enter the code you…

Coding with Python Creating Functions Creating Functions Now that you’ve mastered the use of variables and user input, the next step is to tackle functions. You’ve already used a few functions, such as the print command, but Python enables you to define your own function. FUNKY FUNCTIONS A function is a command that you enter into Python in order to do something. It’s a little piece of self-contained code that takes data, works on it, and then returns the result. STEP 1 It’s not only data that a function works on. Functions can do all manner of useful things in Python, such as sort data, change items from one format to another, and check the length or type of items. Basically, a function is a short word followed by brackets.…

Index Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files Did you know that Windows has its own built-in scripting language? Batch files have been around since the early days of Windows, and while they are overshadowed by the might of Windows’ modern graphical user interface, they are still there and still just as capable as they were thirty years ago. Batch file programming is a skill that system administrators still use, so it’s worth spending a bit of time learning how they work, and what you can do with them. This section introduces batch files, and covers user interactions, variables, loops and even a batch file quiz game to inject an element of fun.…

Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files Loops and Repetition Looping and repeating commands are the staple diet of every programming language, including batch file programming. For example, you can create a simple countdown or even make numbered files or directories in the system. COUNTERS Creating code that counts in increasing or decreasing number sets is great for demonstrating loops. With that in mind, let’s look at the If statement a little more, alongside more variables, and introduce the Else, Timeout and eof (End of File) commands. STEP 1 Start by creating a new batch file called count.bat. Enter the following, save it and run: STEP 2 The count. bat code starts at number one and counts, scrolling down the screen, until it reaches 100. The Timeout command leaves a one…

Coding on Linux Creating a Linux Installer on Windows You need to transfer the downloaded Linux ISO to either a DVD or a USB key before you can install it to a computer. This will be a live environment, which will allow you to test the OS prior to installation, but first you need to create the bootable media. DVD BOOTABLE MEDIA We’re using a Windows 10 PC here to transfer the ISO to a DVD. As long as you’re using a version of Windows from 7 onward, the process is extremely easy. STEP 1 First locate the ISO image of Linux you’ve already downloaded. In Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 computers, you’ll usually find this in the Downloads folder unless, when saving it, you’ve specified a different location. STEP…

Coding on Linux Installing Linux in a Virtual Environment With Oracle’s VirtualBox now up and running, the next task is to create the Virtual Machine (VM) environment into which you will install Linux. This process won’t affect your currently installed operating system, which is why a VM is a great choice. CREATING THE VM There are plenty of options to choose from when creating a VM. For now though, we’ll setup a VM adequate to run the excellent Linux Mint, and perform well. STEP 1 With VirtualBox open, click on the New icon in the top-middle of the right-hand panel of the app. This will open the new VM Wizard. STEP 2 In the box next to Name type Linux Mint, and VirtualBox should automatically choose Linux as the Type…

Coding on Linux Creating Bash Scripts – Part 2 Previously we looked at creating your first Bash script, Hello World, and adding a system variable. Now you can expand these and see what you can do when you start to play around with creating your own unique variables. VARIABLES Just as in every other programming language a Bash script can store and call certain variables from the system, either generic or user created. STEP 1 Let’s start by creating a new script called hello.sh; xed hello.sh. In it enter: #!/bin/bash, then, echo Hello $1. Save the file and exit Xed. Back in the Terminal make the script executable with: chmod +x hello.sh. STEP 2 As the script is now executable, run it with ./hello.sh. Now, as you probably expected a…

Coding on Linux Creating Bash Scripts – Part 5 The backup script we looked at previously can be further amended to incorporate choices; or in other words, user-interaction with regards to where the backup file will be copied to and so on. Automating tasks is one of the main benefits of Bash scripting, a simple script can help you out in many ways. EASY AUTOMATION AND HANDY SCRIPTS Are you entering line after line of commands to retrieve system information, find a file or rename a batch of files? A script is a better answer. STEP 1 Let’s start by creating a script to help display the Mint system information; always a handy thing to have. Create a new script called sysinfo.sh and enter the following into Xed, or the…

Code Projects and Ideas Planning Your Code Knowing how to code is great, but it’s not going to get you very far if you don’t know what it is you’re supposed to be coding. Small samples of code don’t need much planning, but bigger projects do, so here are some tips on planning your code. You will find that nearly all the professional developers out there will set aside some time to plan out how their code is going to fit into the wider project on which they’re working. Regardless of whether they’re working as part of a team on the latest game, developing a workflow user interface for the company, or creating a set of automated tasks that can be used across a number of different platforms, each developer…

Code Projects and Ideas Planning a Text Adventure Planning a text adventure is one of the best ways of teaching yourself some new Python tricks and essential code. A good text adventure contains many aspects, all of which will need to be carefully planned and structured, to get the best from the code. If you can think back to some of the classic text adventures you may have played in the past, consider the amount of work that was needed to get them up and running. If you’re not familiar with a text adventure, then open a browser and go to textadventures.co.uk/games/play/5zyoqrsugeopel3ffhz_vq. This is an online version of the classic text adventure Zork. Zork was created for the DEC PDP-10 workstations, using the MDL programming language back in the late…

Index Welcome, Future Coder Everything you do online, every time you power on your smart TV, whenever you use your in-car GPS, use your phone, play a game on a tablet, console or PC, it’s all been coded by a group of people. All these ones and zeros are developed by those who have learned how to code, and with this book you too can learn how to get started on the road to becoming a programmer. We cover C++, Python, and Linux Scripting within these pages. There’s a huge section of project ideas, type-in listings, and in-depth looks at how code works. But first, let’s begin with a good foundation.…

Welcome, Future Coder Choosing a Programming Language It would be impossible to properly explain every programming language in a single book of this size. New languages and ways in which to ‘talk’ to a computer or device and set it instructions are being invented almost daily; and with the onset of quantum computing, even more complex methods are being born. Here is a list of the more common languages along with their key features. SQL SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, there are different versions of the SQL language. However, to be compliant, they all support at least the major commands such as Select, Update and Delete in a similar…

Why C++? Why C++? C++ is one of the most popular programming languages available today. Originally called C with Classes, the language was renamed to C++ in 1983. It’s an extension of the original C language, and is a general purpose object-oriented (OOP) environment. C EVERYTHING Due to both the complexity of the language and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs, device drivers, and even entire operating systems. Dating back to 1979, the start of the golden era of home computing, C++, or rather C with Classes, was the brainchild of Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup, while working on his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup’s plan was to further the original C language, which had been widely used since the early seventies. C++ proved to be…

How to Set Up C++ in Linux How to Set Up C++ in Linux Linux is a great C++ coding environment. Most Linux distros already have the essential components preinstalled, such as a compiler and the text editors are excellent for entering code into, including colour coding; there’s also tons of extra software available to help you out. LINUX++ There are many different versions of Linux available, for this example we’re using one of the more popular distributions: Linux Mint. However, these steps will work in any Debian-based Linux. STEP 1 The first step with ensuring Linux is ready for your C++ code is check the system and software are up to date. Open a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade. Press Return and enter your…

Coding with C++ Your First C++ Program You may have followed the Mac and Linux examples previously but you’re going to be working exclusively in Windows and Code::Blocks from here on. Let’s begin by writing your first C++ program and taking the first small step into a larger coding world. HELLO, WORLD! It’s traditional in programming for the first code to be entered to output the words ‘Hello, World!’ to the screen. Interestingly, this dates back to 1968 using a language called BCPL. STEP 1 We’re going to use Windows 10 and the excellent IDE Code::Blocks for the rest of the C++ code and tutorials in this book. Begin by launching Code::Blocks. When open, click on File > New > Empty File or press Ctrl+Shift+N on the keyboard. STEP 2…

Coding with C++ C++ Maths Programming is mathematical in nature and as you might expect, there’s plenty of built-in scope for some quite intense maths. C++ has a lot to offer someone who’s implementing mathematical models into their code. It can be extremely complex or relatively simple. C++ = MC2 The basic mathematical symbols apply in C++ as they do in most other programming languages. However, by using the C++ Math Library, you can also calculate square roots, powers, trig and more. STEP 1 C++’s mathematical operations follow the same patterns as those taught in school, in that multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction. You can alter that though. For now, create a new file and enter: STEP 2 While simple, it does get the old maths…

Introducing Python Why Python? There are many different programming languages available for the modern computer, and some still available for older 8 and 16-bit computers too. Some of these languages are designed for scientific work, others for mobile platforms and such. So why choose Python out of all the rest? PYTHON POWER Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic. These pioneers of programming carved their way into a new frontier, forging small routines that enabled the letter ‘A’ to scroll across the screen. It may not sound terribly exciting to a generation that’s used to ultra high-definition graphics and open world, multiplayer online gaming. However,…

Introducing Python Equipment You Will Need You can learn Python with very little hardware or initial financial investment. You don’t need an incredibly powerful computer and any software that’s required is freely available. WHAT WE’RE USING Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. If you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python. COMPUTER Obviously you’re going to need a computer in order to learn how to program in Python and to test your code. You can use Windows (from XP onward) on either a 32 or 64-bit processor, an Apple Mac or Linux installed PC. AN IDE An IDE (Integrated Developer Environment) is used to enter and execute Python code. It enables you to inspect your…

Coding with Python Starting Python for the First Time We’re using Python 3 under Windows 10 for these following examples. Don’t worry if your version of Python is 3.4.2, or something lesser than the current version, as long as you’re using Python 3, the code will work. STARTING PYTHON As when learning anything new, you need to start slow. You can pick up the pace as your experience grows, but for now, let’s just get something appearing on the screen. Don’t worry, you’ll soon be coding like a pro! STEP 1 Click on the Windows Start button, and start typing ‘idle’. The result will be the currently installed version of the Python IDLE on your system. You can Pin it to the Start for convenience, otherwise simply click the icon…

Coding with Python Executing Code from the Command Line While we’re going to be working from the GUI IDLE, it’s worth taking a moment to look at Python’s command line handling. Sometimes, depending on the code you write, executing via the command line is a better solution over the IDLE. COMMAND THE CODE Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named hello.py, let’s see how we can run code that was made in the GUI at the command line level. STEP 1 When you first installed Python, the installation routine automatically included all the necessary components to allow the execution of code outside of the GUI IDLE; in other words, the command line. To begin with, click on the Windows Start Button, and type: cmd.…

Coding with Python Working with Variables We’ve seen some examples of variables in our Python code already, but it’s always worth going through the way they operate, and how Python creates and assigns certain values to a variable. VARIOUS VARIABLES We’ll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shell in this tutorial. If you haven’t already, open Python 3 or close down the previous IDLE Shell to clear up any old code. STEP 1 In some programming languages, you’re required to use a dollar sign to denote a string, which is a variable made up of multiple characters, such as a name of a person. In Python this isn’t necessary, so, for example, in the Shell enter: name=”David Hayward” (use your own name, unless you’re also called David Hayward). STEP…

Coding on Linux The Best Linux Distributions There are numerous versions of Linux available, known as “Distributions”. Each has a different ethos and approach. Here are five great distributions to try and where you can get them. LINUX MINT – LINUXMINT.COM By far the most popular Linux distro (distribution) is Linux Mint. Mint began life back in 2006, as an alternative to the then, most popular distro, Ubuntu. Although based on Ubuntu’s Long Term Support build, Linux Mint took a different direction to offer the user a better overall experience. Linux Mint has three main desktop versions available with each new version of the core OS it releases. This may sound confusing at first, but it’s quite simple. Currently, Linux Mint uses the Cinnamon Desktop Environment as its flagship model,…

Coding on Linux Installing Linux on a PC Most Linux distros come as a Live Environment. This means you can boot into an actual, fully working distro straight from the DVD or USB you’ve just created. Let’s see how that works and how you go about installing Linux from there. UEFI BIOS The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is used to identify hardware and protect a PC during its boot-up process. It replaces the traditional BIOS, but can cause issues when installing Linux. STEP 1 Insert your DVD or USB flash drive into your PC and, if you haven’t already, shutdown Windows. In this instance, we’re using the USB boot media but the process is virtually identical. Start the PC and when prompted press the appropriate keys to enter the…

Coding on Linux Getting Ready to Code in Linux Coding in Linux mostly happens in the Terminal or the Command Line. While it can be a scary looking place to begin with, the Terminal is an extremely powerful environment. Before you can start to code, it’s best to master the Terminal. TAKING COMMAND The command line is at the core of Linux and when you program with it, this is called scripting. These are self-contained programs designed to be run in the Terminal. STEP 1 The Terminal is where you begin your journey with Linux, through the command line and thus any scripting from. In Linux Mint, it can be accessed by clicking on the Menu followed by the Terminal icon in the panel, or entering ‘Terminal’ into the search…

Coding on Linux Creating Bash Scripts – Part 3 In the previous pages we looked at some very basic Bash scripting, which involved outputting text to the screen, getting a user’s input, storing it and outputting that to the screen; as well as including a system variable using the Date command. Now let’s combine what you’ve achieved so far and introduce Loops. IF, THEN, ELSE With most programming structures there will come a time where you need to loop through the commands you’ve entered to create better functionality, and ultimately a better program. STEP 1 Let’s look at the If, Then and Else statements now, which when executed correctly, compare a set of instructions and simply work out that IF something is present, THEN do something, ELSE do something different.…

Coding on Linux Command Line Quick Reference When you start using Linux full time, you will quickly realise that the graphical interfaces of Ubuntu, Mint, etc. are great for many tasks but not great for all tasks. Understanding how to use the command line not only builds your understanding of Linux but also improves your knowledge of coding and programming in general. Our command line quick reference guide is designed to help you master Linux quicker. TOP 10 COMMANDS These may not be the most common commands used by everyone but they will certainly feature frequently for many users of Linux and the command line. cd The cd command is one of the commands you will use the most at the command line in Linux. It allows you to change…

Code Projects and Ideas Finding Resources The Python community is huge and spans countless websites and forums on the Internet, so finding extra help here and there isn’t too much of a problem. However, finding good Python resources can be, so here are some ideas for you to try. You will reach a point in your Python coding experience when you need to rely on some external resources to help you through a sticky patch in your project or give you a bit of inspiration. Python resources are available throughout the Internet, but not all of them are any good. If you spend any time looking up code for a particular project, then you’re likely to come across copious examples, yet not all of them seem to work. That’s one…

Code Projects and Ideas Text Adventure Script Text adventures are an excellent way to build your Python coding skills and have some fun at the same time. This example that we created will start you on the path to making a classic text adventure; where it will end is up to you. ADVENTURE.PY The Adventure game uses just the Time module to begin with, creating pauses between print functions. There’s a help system in place to expand upon, as well as the story itself. Adventure Time This, as you can see, is just the beginning of the adventure and takes up a fair few lines of code. When you expand it, and weave the story along, you’ll find that you can repeat certain instances such as a chance meeting with…

Code Projects and Ideas Common Coding Mistakes When you start something new you’re inevitably going to make mistakes, this is purely down to inexperience and those mistakes are great teachers in themselves. However, even experts make the occasional mishap. Thing is, to learn from them as best you can. X=MISTAKE, PRINT Y There are many pitfalls for the programmer to be aware of, far too many to be listed here. Being able to recognise a mistake and fix it is when you start to move into more advanced territory. SMALL CHUNKS It would be wonderful to be able to work like Neo from The Matrix movies. Simply ask, your operator loads it into your memory and you instantly know everything about the subject. Sadly though, we can’t do that. The…

Code Projects and Ideas C++ Beginner’s Mistakes There are many pitfalls the C++ developer can encounter, especially as this is a more complex and often unforgiving language to master. Beginners need to take C++ a step at a time and digest what they’ve learned before moving on. VOID(C++, MISTAKES) Admittedly it’s not just C++ beginners that make the kinds of errors we outline on these pages, even hardened coders are prone to the odd mishap here and there. Here are some common issues to try and avoid. UNDECLARED IDENTIFIERS A common C++ mistake, and to be honest a common mistake with most programming languages, is when you try and output a variable that doesn’t exist. Displaying the value of x on-screen is fine but not if you haven’t told the…

Welcome, Future Coder Creating a Coding Platform The term ‘Coding Platform’ can signify: a type of hardware on which you can code, a particular operating system, or even a custom environment that’s pre-built and designed for easy game creation. In truth it’s quite a loose term, as a Coding Platform can be a mixture of all of these ingredients, it’s simply down to which programming language you intend to code in and what your end goals are. Coding can be one of those experiences that sounds fantastic, but is often confusing to tackle. After all, there’s a plethora of languages to choose from, countless apps that will enable you to code in a specific, or range, of languages and an equally huge amount of third-party software to consider. In addition,…

C++ Facts & Figures C++ Facts & Figures C++ is one of the top programming languages in the industry. It’s quick, powerful, and used by nearly every major tech and gaming company in the world. Here’s some interesting facts about the rather wonderful C++. NASA, CERN, MICROSOFT, ORACLE, PAYPAL, LINKEDIN, AMAZON AND THE MILITARY USE C++. C++ IS USED FREQUENTLY IN ANIMATION PROCESSES. 3D ANIMATION, MODELLING, AND SIMULATIONS ALL UTILISE C++. A lot of the Linux operating system is coded using C++, therefore you could say that most of the world’s Internet hosting servers are available thanks to C++. SUPERCOMPUTING USES C++ CODE TO CALCULATE VAST AMOUNTS OF DATA, INCLUDING THE NASA-BASED SUPERCOMPUTING FARM THAT RUNS SIMULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE. C++ is one of the predominant programming languages for the development of…

How to Set Up C++ in Windows How to Set Up C++ in Windows Windows users have a wealth of choice when it comes to programming in C++. There are loads of IDEs and compilers available, including Visual Studio from Microsoft. However, in our opinion, the best C++ IDE to begin with is Code::Blocks. CODE::BLOCKS Code::Blocks is a free C++, C and Fortran IDE that is feature rich and easily extendible with plugins. It’s easy to use, comes with a compiler and has a vibrant community behind it too. STEP 1 Start by visiting the Code::Blocks download site, at www.codeblocks.org/downloads. From there, click on the ‘Download the binary releases’ link to be taken to the latest downloadable version for Windows. STEP 2 There you can see, there are several Windows…

Other C++ IDEs to Install Other C++ IDEs to Install If you want to try a different approach to working with your C++ code, then there are plenty of options available to you. Windows is the most prolific platform for C++ IDEs but there are plenty for Mac and Linux users too. DEVELOPING C++ Here are ten great C++ IDEs that are worth looking into. You can install one or all of them if you like, but find the one that works best for you. ECLIPSE Eclipse is a hugely popular C++ IDE that offers the programmer a wealth of features. It has a great, clean interface, is easy to use and available for Windows, Linux and Mac. Head over to www.eclipse.org/downloads/ to download the latest version. If you’re stuck,…

Coding with C++ Compile and Execute You’ve created your first C++ program and you now understand the basics behind the structure of one. Let’s actually get things moving and compile and execute, or run if you prefer, the program and see how it looks. GREETINGS FROM C++ Compiling and executing C++ code from Code::Blocks is extraordinarily easy; it’s just a matter of clicking an icon and seeing the result. Here’s how it’s done. STEP 1 Open Code::Blocks, if you haven’t already, and load up the previously saved Hello World code you created. Ensure that there are no visible errors, such as missing semicolons at the end of the std::cout line. STEP 2 If your code is looking similar to the one in our screenshot, then look to the menu bar…

Coding with C++ Data Types Variables, as we’ve seen, store information that the programmer can then later call up, and manipulate if required. Variables are simply reserved memory locations that store the values the programmer assigns, depending on the data type used. THE VALUE OF DATA There are many different data types available for the programmer in C++, such as an integer, floating point, Boolean, character and so on. It’s widely accepted that there are seven basic data types, often called Primitive Built-in Types; however, you can create your own data types should the need ever arise within your code. The seven basic data types are: These basic types can also be extended using the following modifiers: Long, Short, Signed and Unsigned. Basically this means the modifiers can expand the…

Coding with C++ User Interaction There’s nothing quite as satisfying as creating a program that responds to you. This basic user interaction is one of the most taught aspects of any language and with it you’re able to do much more than simply greet the user by name. HELLO, DAVE You have already used cout, the standard output stream, throughout our code. Now you’re going to be using cin, the standard input stream, to prompt a user response. STEP 1 Anything that you want the user to input into the program needs to be stored somewhere in the system memory, so it can be retrieved and used. Therefore, any input must first be declared as a variable, so it’s ready to be used by the user. Start by creating a…

Introducing Python What Can You Do with Python? Python is an open-source, object-oriented programming language that’s simple to understand and write with, yet also powerful and extremely malleable. It’s these characteristics that help make it such an important language to learn. Python’s ability to create highly readable code, within a small set of instructions, has a considerable impact on our modern digital world. From being an ideal first programmers’ choice through to being able to create interactive stories and games; from scientific applications through to artificial Intelligence and web-based applications, the only limit to Python is the imagination of the person coding in it. It’s Python’s malleable design that makes it an ideal language for many different situations and roles. Even certain aspects of the coding world that require more…

Introducing Python Getting to Know Python Python is one of the most used and popular programming languages. It’s a great language on which to learn how to code, but it’s also powerful enough to be used by companies when trawling through petabytes of raw data. PYTHON POWER Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that was designed by Guido van Rossum in the late ‘80s, as a successor to the ABC Programming Language, and became available to use in 1990. The Python Software Foundation, a non-profit organisation devoted to both furthering and improving Python, currently develops the language. The foundation’s purpose is to “promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers.” The structure of…

Introducing Python Python on the Pi If you’re considering on which platform to install and use Python, then give some thought to one of the best coding bases available: the Raspberry Pi. The Pi has many advantages for the coder: it’s cheap, easy to use, and extraordinarily flexible. THE POWER OF PI While having a far more powerful coding platform on which to write and test your code is ideal, it’s not often feasible. Most of us are unable to jump into a several hundred-pound investment when we’re starting off and this is where the Raspberry Pi can help out. While having a far more powerful coding platform on which to write and test your code is ideal, it’s not often feasible. Most of us are unable to jump into…

Coding with Python Numbers and Expressions We’ve seen some basic mathematical expressions with Python, simple addition and the like. Now let’s expand on that, and see just how powerful Python is as a calculator. You can work within the IDLE Shell, or in the Editor, whichever you like. IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN You can get some really impressive results from the mathematical powers of Python, as maths is the driving force behind the code with most, if not all, programming languages. STEP 1 Open up the GUI version of Python 3, as mentioned you can use either the Shell or the Editor. For the time being, we’re going to use the Shell. If you’ve opted to use a third-party text editor, note that you need to get to the IDLE…

Coding with Python Modules Python Modules We’ve mentioned modules previously, using the Math module as an example, but since using modules is such a large part of getting the most from Python it’s worth dedicating a little more time to them. MASTERING MODULES Think of modules as an extension that’s imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are countless modules available, and as we’ve seen, you can even make your own. STEP 1 Although good, the built-in functions within Python are limited. The use of modules, however, allows us to make more sophisticated programs. As you are aware, modules are Python scripts that are imported, such as import math. STEP 2 Some modules, especially on the Raspberry Pi, are included by default; the Math module…

Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files Batch File Programming It’s the little additions we can make to a batch file that help it stand out and ultimately become more useful. While the Windows graphical interface is still king, the command line can do just as much, and this is where batch files come into their own. SEARCHING FOR FILES Here’s an interesting little batch file that you can easily extend for your own use. It asks the user for a file type to search for and displays the results. STEP 1 We are introducing a couple of new commands into the mix here but we think they’re really useful. Create a new batch file called seek.bat and in it put: STEP 2 The new command in this instance is color…

Index Coding on Linux Linux is such a versatile operating system that’s both malleable and powerful, while offering the programmer a perfect foundation on which to build their skills. While all the popular and mainstream programming languages are available on Linux, as they are on Windows and macOS, Linux also utilises its own coding language, called scripting. Bash scripting on Linux can be used to create a wealth of useful, real-world programs that interact with the user, or simply work in the background based on a pre-defined schedule. Scripting is a powerful interface to the Linux system, so we’ve crafted this section to help you get to grips with how everything fits together, and how to make some amazing Linux scripts.…

Coding on Linux Equipment You Will Need The system requirements for successfully installing Linux Mint on to a PC are surprisingly low, so even a computer that’s several years old will happily run this distro. However, it’s worth checking you have everything in place before proceeding. MINTY INGREDIENTS Here’s what you’ll need to install and run Linux Mint as we work through this book. You have several choices available, so take your time and see which works best for you. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS The minimum system requirements for Linux Mint are as follows: CPU 700MHz RAM 512MB Hard Drive Space 9GB (20GB recommended) Monitor 1024 x 768 resolution Obviously the better the system you have, the better and quicker the experience will be. USB INSTALLATION You can install Linux Mint onto…

Coding on Linux Installing a Virtual Environment A Virtual Environment is a simulated computer system. Using a Virtual Machine, you can mimic a standard PC and install an entire operating system on it without affecting the one installed on your computer. It’s a great way to test and use Linux, while still having Windows 10 as your main OS. GOING VIRTUAL Using a Virtual Machine (VM) will take resources from your computer: memory, hard drive space, processor usage and so on. So make sure you’ve got enough of each before commencing. STEP 1 We’re using VirtualBox in this instance, as it’s one of the easiest virtual environments to get to grips with. Enter www.virtualbox.org and click on ‘Download VirtualBox’. This will take you to the main download page. Locate the…

Coding on Linux Creating Bash Scripts – Part 1 Eventually, as you advance with Linux Mint, you’ll want to start creating your own automated tasks and programs. These are essentially scripts, Bash Shell scripts to be exact, and they work in the same way as a DOS Batch file does, or any other programming language. GET SCRIPTING A Bash script is simply a series of commands that Mint will run through to complete a certain task. They can be simple or remarkably complex, it all depends on the situation. STEP 1 You’ll be working within the Terminal and with a text editor throughout the coming pages. There are alternatives to the text editor, which we’ll look at in a moment but for the sake of ease, we’ll be doing our…

Index Code Projects and Ideas To help you on your way to becoming a better coder, we’ve included some great coding projects and ideas that you can apply to your own code, use as a demo for those who are starting to code, or improve and send out into the coding community. Want to learn how to craft some retro code? How about learning how to code a text adventure? These and more are all found in this final section. No matter where you go next in coding, whether it’s on to learning more languages, creating amazing apps and games, or helping out and teaching new coders to avoid the pitfalls you made, remember the basics, and have fun! From here, it’s down to you and your imagination. So dream…

Code Projects and Ideas Retro Coding There’s a school of thought, that to master the foundations of good coding skills you need to have some experience of how code was written in the past. In the past is a bit of a loose term, but mostly, it means coding from the 80s. THE GOLDEN ERA OF CODE While it may seem a little counterproductive to learn how to code in a language that’s virtually obsolete, there are some surprising benefits to getting your hands dirty with a bit of retro coding. Firstly, learning old code will help you build the structure of code as, regardless of whether it is a language that was developed yesterday, or forty years ago, code still demands strict discipline to work correctly. Secondly, everyday coding…

Code Projects and Ideas Python Beginner’s Mistakes Python is a relatively easy language to get started in where there’s plenty of room for the beginner to find their programming feet. However, as with any other programming language, it can be easy to make common mistakes that’ll stop your code from running. DEF BEGINNER(MISTAKES=10) Here are ten common Python programming mistakes most beginners find themselves making. Being able to identify these mistakes will save you headaches in the future. VERSIONS To add to the confusion that most beginners already face when coming into programming, Python has two live versions of its language available to download and use. There is Python version 2.7.x and Python 3.6.x. The 3.6.x version is the most recent, and the one we’d recommend starting. But, version 2.7.x…