OSCAR MIGUEL LASSO-ALCALÁ, a great Venezuelan-Spanish ichthyologist, and also a great friend, told me that most cichlids in the world have either one or two supraneural spines. These are small bones that are found internally in the upper part of the fish's head, in front of the pterygiophores, which are other small bones that support the spines and soft rays of the dorsal fin. Well, the oscar cichlids of the Amazon and upper Paraná do have one or two, but the oscar of the Orinoco River (Astronotus mikoljii, a species that was dedicated to me, but more on this later) always has at least two and even, incredibly, sometimes three supraneural spines! This unique and extremely rare trait in this family of fish was one of the most important morphological…
